Scientific Method - Understanding Science, Research and Experiments

Feb 28, Research Examples - Historic Cases of Scientific Discoveries

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 19:40:28 GMT

This page contains research examples of historic cases of scientific discoveries. Social psychology, physics, biology, medicine.

Feb 28, Andreas Vesalius and the Modern Human Anatomy

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 18:52:19 GMT

Andreas Vesalius was the founder of modern human anatomy. Before him, there were a few early attempts on studying the human body.

Feb 28, Discovery of Pasteurization - Louis Pasteur

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 18:41:08 GMT

Louis Pasteur is regarded as one of the greatest saviors of humanity, and was responsible of the discovery of pasteurization.

Feb 28, Antony van Leeuwenhoek and the Discovery of Bacteria

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 18:33:41 GMT

Antony van Leeuwenhoek is regarded as the father of microbiology. Van Leeuwenhoek is known for the discovery of bacteria.

Feb 28, Semmelweis' Germ Theory - The Introduction of Hand Washing

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 18:26:25 GMT

Semmelweis' germ theory was introduced when Semmelweis saw a connection between puerperal fever and disinfected hands of the hospital staff.

Feb 28, Who Invented Vaccination?

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 18:16:14 GMT

It is hard to determine who invented vaccination. It may have been used in ancient China, India or Persia. But we do know that Edward Jenner was the first person which the first recorded vaccination.

Feb 28, The History of Anesthesia and Crawford Long

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 18:02:24 GMT

The history of anesthesia has a painful background. The 18th century observed numerous medical advances and discoveries. This led to the increased practice of surgery and thus pain.

Feb 28, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and the Discovery of X-ray Beams

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 17:32:19 GMT

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was already working on the effects of cathode rays during 1895, before he actually discovered X-rays.

Feb 28, History of Antibiotics - The Discovery by Alexander Fleming

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 16:09:27 GMT

History of antibiotics can be described in two segments early history and modern history. Most important is the discovery of pencillin by Alexander Fleming.

Feb 28, Who Discovered DNA? - Nobel Prize Winners Wilkins, Crick and Watson

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 15:58:02 GMT

Who discovered DNA? This is the story of the Nobel Prize Winners Wilkins, Crick and Watson and DNA discovery/development.

Feb 28, Medical Research History - A Collection of Health Research Cases

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 15:48:48 GMT

A collection of different discoveries throughout the medical research history.

Feb 28, Human Genome Project - Mapping the DNA

Sun, 28 Feb 2010 15:09:18 GMT

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a collaborative scientific research program on international scale conducted to discover all the chemical base pairs which make up human DNA.

Feb 25, Partial Correlation Analysis - Multiple Correlation

Thu, 25 Feb 2010 16:17:04 GMT

Partial correlation analysis involves studying the linear relationship between two variables after excluding the effect of one or more independent factors.

Feb 25, Correlation and Regression

Thu, 25 Feb 2010 16:11:26 GMT

Three main reasons for correlation and regression together are, 1) Test a hypothesis for causality, 2) See association between variables, 3) Estimating a value of a variable corresponding to another.

Feb 25, Mann-Whitney U-test (Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon)

Thu, 25 Feb 2010 15:58:49 GMT

The Mann-Whitney U-test is used to test whether two independent samples of observations are drawn from the same or identical distributions.

Feb 22, Islamic Psychology - History of Psychology

Mon, 22 Feb 2010 18:50:20 GMT

Islamic psychology emerged and would later influence Europe as it shook off the memory of the Dark Ages and underwent the first Renaissance.

Feb 22, Aristotles Psychology - History of Psychology

Mon, 22 Feb 2010 18:40:59 GMT

Aristotles psychology was intertwined with his philosophy of the mind, reasoning and Nicomachean ethics, but the psychological method started with his brilliant mind and empirical approach.

Feb 22, Ancient Physics - History of Physics

Mon, 22 Feb 2010 18:35:02 GMT

From theoretical mathematics, accurate astronomy and sophisticated philosophy sprang ancient physics, an attempt to explain the world and uncover the laws that governed the universe.

Feb 16, Islamic Medicine - History of Medicine

Tue, 16 Feb 2010 21:43:50 GMT

The Islamic Golden Age, spanning the 8^th to the 15^th Centuries, saw many great advances in science, such as within islamic medicine.

Feb 16, Ancient Medicine - History of Medicine

Tue, 16 Feb 2010 21:35:10 GMT

The history of medicine is a long and distinguished one, from ancient medicine as healers sought to alleviate illnesses and fix injuries since the dawn of humanity.

Feb 15, Alchemy and the Philosopher's Stone - History of Chemistry

Mon, 15 Feb 2010 18:26:11 GMT

Modern chemistry was built upon a long history of alchemy, which earns the label of a genuine proto-science.

Feb 15, Islamic Alchemy - History of Chemistry

Mon, 15 Feb 2010 18:16:07 GMT

Islamic alchemy attempted, as many before and since, to find a Grand Universal Theory that described the whole of perfect creation, governed by elegant laws.

Feb 7, Islamic Ophthalmology and Islamic Medicine

Sun, 07 Feb 2010 12:30:46 GMT

Islamic ophthalmology invented many subtle and advanced techniques for performing surgery on the eye, vastly improving the quality of life for thousands of people.

Feb 2, Islamic Scholars and Biology - History of Biology

Tue, 02 Feb 2010 20:43:41 GMT

The history of biology, built upon the thoroughness and insight of Aristotle and Galen, passed onto the Islamic Scholars and biology became important for Muslims.

Jan 30, Aristotles Zoology - History of Biology

Sat, 30 Jan 2010 17:33:36 GMT

Any history of biology must start with Aristotles zoology, one of the earliest studies of the natural world and a true defining moment in scientific history.

Jan 10, Social Judgment Theory Experiment - Henry Tajfel

Sun, 10 Jan 2010 16:44:49 GMT

The Social Judgment Theory Experiment, by Henry Tajfel, was designed to explore the internal processes of an individuals judgment and the degree to which people tend to favour their in-group.

Jan 10, Sherifs Robbers Cave Experiment - Realistic Conflict Theory

Sun, 10 Jan 2010 16:12:32 GMT

Sherifs classic social psychology experiment named Robbers Cave Experiment dealt with in-group relations, out-group relations and intergroup relations.

Jan 10, Sequential Sampling - Consecutive Selection

Sun, 10 Jan 2010 16:07:06 GMT

Sequential sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the researcher picks a single or a group of subjects in a given time interval.

Dec 25, Judgmental Sampling - Non-Probability Sampling

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 14:53:49 GMT

Judgmental Sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein either an authority picked by the researcher or the researcher himself selects units to be sampled based on their judgement.

Dec 25, Cognitive Dissonance Experiment by Leon Festinger

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 14:47:35 GMT

The cognitive dissonance experiment by Leon Festinger assumes that people hold many different cognitions about their world and tests what happens when the cognitions don't fit.

Dec 25, Bystander Apathy Experiment - The Case of Kitty Genovese Explained

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 14:47:34 GMT

The Bystander Apathy Experiment was inspirated and motivation to conduct this experiment from the highly publicised murder of Kitty Genovese in the same year.

Dec 25, Disproportional Sampling - Probability Sampling

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 14:27:33 GMT

Disproportional sampling is a probability sampling technique used to address the difficulty researchers encounter with stratified samples of unequal sizes.

Dec 25, Simple Random Sampling - Probability Sampling

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 14:16:48 GMT

In simple random sampling, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as subject.

Dec 25, Snowball Sampling - Non-Probability Sampling

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 14:11:29 GMT

Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that is used by researchers to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate.

Dec 25, Quota Sampling Applied in Research - Non-Probability Sampling

Fri, 25 Dec 2009 13:59:09 GMT

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population.

Dec 13, Establishing Cause and Effect - Scientific Causality

Sun, 13 Dec 2009 22:20:27 GMT

Cause and effect is one of the most commonly misunderstood concepts in science and is often misused by lawyers, the media, politicians and even scientists themselves.

Dec 13, Prediction in Research - How the Scientific Method Predict Future Events

Sun, 13 Dec 2009 22:14:00 GMT

Prediction in research fulfils one of the basic desires of humanity, to discern the future and know what fate holds.

Dec 10, Matched Subjects Design - Matched Sampling

Thu, 10 Dec 2009 21:58:15 GMT

Matched subjects design uses separate experimental groups for each particular treatment, but relies upon matching every subject in one group with an equivalent in another.

Dec 10, Repeated Measures Design - Within Subject Design

Thu, 10 Dec 2009 21:38:22 GMT

The repeated measures design is a stalwart of scientific research, and offers a less unwieldy way of comparing the effects of treatments upon participants.

Dec 10, Between Subjects Design - Independent Groups Design

Thu, 10 Dec 2009 21:32:28 GMT

A between subjects design is a way of avoiding the carryover effects that can plague within subjects designs.

Dec 10, Within Subject Design - Repeated Measures Design

Thu, 10 Dec 2009 21:26:43 GMT

In a within subject design, unlike a between subjects design, every single participant is subjected to every single treatment, including the control.

Dec 9, Solomon Four Group Design - Measuring the Impact of the Pretest

Wed, 09 Dec 2009 21:51:23 GMT

The Solomon four group design is a way of avoiding some of the difficulties associated with the pretest-posttest design.

Dec 9, Counterbalanced Measures Design - Counterbalancing Experimental Groups

Wed, 09 Dec 2009 21:03:49 GMT

Experiments conducted with a counterbalanced measures design are one of the best ways to avoid the pitfalls of standard repeated measures designs, where the subjects are exposed to all treatments.

Dec 9, Pretest-Posttest Designs - Experimental Research

Wed, 09 Dec 2009 20:47:19 GMT

For many true experimental designs, pretest-posttest designs are the preferred method to compare participant groups.

Dec 9, Randomized Controlled Trials - Reducing the Influence of Confounding Variables

Wed, 09 Dec 2009 20:39:11 GMT

Randomized controlled trials are one of the most efficient ways of reducing the influence of external variables.

Dec 7, Research Paper Example - A Sample of an Academic Paper

Mon, 07 Dec 2009 22:34:52 GMT

To fully understand what information particular parts of the paper should discuss, heres another research paper example including some key parts of the paper.

Dec 6, Placebo Effect - The Hope/Expectancy-Effect

Sun, 06 Dec 2009 23:08:06 GMT

A placebo effect is a phenomenon which may result in some therapeutic effect in subjects given placebo.

Dec 6, Empirical Research - Based on the Scientific Method

Sun, 06 Dec 2009 22:57:28 GMT

Empirical Research can be defined as research based on experimentation or observation (evidence)"

Dec 6, Scientific Observation - Collecting Empirical Evidence

Sun, 06 Dec 2009 22:47:25 GMT

Scientific observation consists of receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses, or recording information using scientific tools and instruments.

Dec 6, Empirical Evidence - Convincing Scientific Proof

Sun, 06 Dec 2009 22:06:25 GMT

Empirical evidence is evidence where evidence does depend on inference thus it enables other researchers to examine the assumptions.