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KEY CONCEPTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS

OVERVIEW - KEY CONCEPTS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS
• Research Hypothesis - Testing Theories and Models
• Research Variables - Values that Change
• Confounding Variables - Third Variables Affecting the Results
• Controlled Variables - The Scientists Tries to Avoid Interference
• Dependent Variable - Measuring the Effect in Research
• Independent Variable - The Manipulated Variable in Research
• Validity and Reliability - How to Know if the Research is Correct?
• What is Generalization? - Do Research Apply to the Real World?
• Student’s T-Test - Testing Theories
• Defining a Research Problem - Specifying What to Research
• How to Choose From Different Research Methods?
• Drawing Conclusions in Research - Judgment by the Scientific Method
• Null Hypothesis - The Commonly Accepted Hypothesis
• Operationalization - Defining Variables Into Measurable Factors
• Choosing Scientific Measurements - What is Important?
• Significance Test - Accepting or Rejecting a Hypothesis?
• Experimental Errors: Type I Error and Type II Error

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

OVERVIEW - EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Conducting an Experiment - Carry Out Experimental Research
• Correlation and Causation - The Incorrect Assumption of a Causal Relationship
• Design of Experiment - Constructing the Method
• Double Blind Experiment - Avoiding Bias

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

OVERVIEW - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• What is Research?
• Definition of Research
• Aims of Research - What Are the Goals of Scientific Research?
• Purpose of Research - Why Conduct Scientific Research?
• Scientific Elements - Fundamental Parts of Scientific Research
• Steps of the Scientific Method - The Stages of Scientific Research

LOGIC AND REASONING

OVERVIEW - LOGIC AND REASONING
• Hypothetico-Deductive Method - Testing Theories
• Falsifiability - Karl Popper's Basic Scientific Principle
• Testability - How to Create a Scientific Theory or Hypothesis
• Scientific Reasoning - The Logic Behind Scientific Research
• Inductive Reasoning - How Small Observations Infers a Theory Through Induction
• Raven Paradox - Hempel's Logic Example Illustrate Inductive Reasoning
• Causal Reasoning - What is the Cause of a Phenomenon?
• Abductive Reasoning - Determining the Direction of Scientific Research
• Post Hoc Reasoning - Failure of Concluding Causality
• Defeasible Reasoning - Reasoning With Many Unknown Factors
• Deductive Reasoning - Deduces From General Principles

RESEARCH DESIGNS

OVERVIEW - RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Case Study Research Design - How to conduct a Case Study
• Descriptive Research Design - Observing a Phenomenon
• Identical Twins Study - Measuring Effects from Environment and Genetics
• Qualitative Research Design - Exploring a Subject in Depth
• Quantitative Research Design - Proving Cause and Effect
• Quasi-Experimental Design - Experimental Design without Randomization
• Survey Research Design - How to Conduct Surveys
• True Experimental Design - Experiments with Control Group Randomized

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

OVERVIEW - PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
• Truth and Theory - How to Construct Theories Reflecting Reality
• Realism and Antirealism - What is the Basis of Scientific Truth?
• What is a Paradigm?
• Paradigm Shift - A Scientific Revolution
• Occam's Razor - The Simplest Answer is Most Often Correct
• Verification Error - Gathering Data to Support a Theory
• Religion vs Science Debate - Rise of Fundamentalism?
• When Science Meets Religion - The Aftermath of the Schism
• Pseudoscience - In it for the Money?
• Junk Science - Using Science to Obtain Goals
• Fringe Science - Exploring the Bounderies of Research

ETHICS

OVERVIEW - ETHICS IN RESEARCH
• Milgram Experiment Ethics - Should We Use Deception In Experiments?
• Stem Cell Pros and Cons - Advantages and Disadvantages About Stem Cell Research
• Subliminal Messages - The Fraud about How They Sell More Popcorn And Coke
• Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Research without Empathy

RESEARCH PAPER

OVERVIEW - HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER
• Example of a Research Paper - How to write a Paper
• Research Paper Topic Ideas - Get ideas for your research paper
• Research Paper Format - Tips and Details
• Research Paper Outline - How to Write a Research Paper

RESEARCH CASES

SOCIAL

OVERVIEW - SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTS
• Asch Experiment - Conformity in Groups
• Asch Experiment Figure - A Drawing Shown to Participants of the Asch Experiment
• Bobo Doll Experiment - Learning From Role Models
• Good Samaritan Experiment - Would You Help a Stranger? - Explaining Helping Behavior
• Stanford Prison Experiment - Roles Define Your Behavior
• Stanford Prison Video Documentary - Interviews with Zimbardo and Participants
• Stanley Milgram Experiment - Will People Do Anything If Ordered?
• Milgram Experiment Ethics - The Research Ethics about the Milgram Experiment

EVOLUTION

OVERVIEW - EVOLUTION
• Darwin's Finches - How the Natural Selection Was Discovered
• Red Queen Hypothesis - The Evolutionary Arms Race between Prey and Predator
• Industrial Melanism - How Human Contamination Evolved the Peppered Moth
• Law Of Segregation - The Mendel Pea Plant Experiment
• Transforming Principle - Griffith's Experiment about Genetics
• Identical Twins Study - Measuring Effects from Environment and Genetics

PHYSICS

OVERVIEW - PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS
• Ben Franklin Kite Experiment - Struck by Lightening
• Brownian Movement - Random Movement
• J J Thomson Cathode Ray Experiment

KIDS SCIENCE PROJECTS

OVERVIEW - KIDS SCIENCE PROJECTS
• How to Conduct Science Experiments - A Guide
• Experiments with Popcorn - For Kids
• Mold Bread Experiment – What Makes Mold Grow?
• Paper Airplane Experiment - For Kids
• Paper Towel Experiment - Which Brand is the Most Absorbent?
• Pendulum Experiment - How to Repeat Galileo Galileo?
• Writing a Research Paper - A Guide

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